DC electrical stimulation does not improve fusion mass bone quality

Euro Spine Journal; 2010; 19; 2200-2208

AAOS2018: Electrical stimulation does not appear to significantly increase spinal fusion success

No significant benefit in outcome with addition of fusion to decompression for lumbar stenosis

Pain Physician. 2018 Jan;21(1):1-8

Effect of electrical stimulation on fusion rate in spinal fusion surgery

Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Oct;23(7):496-504.

Comparable spinal fusion rates between three different electrical stimulation techniques

Spine J. 2013 Oct;13(10):1238-43

No added benefit of fusion to decompression for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis

N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 14;374(15):1413-23

Variable results of electrical stimulation following spinal fusion

Evid Based Spine Care J. 2014 Oct;5(2):87-94

Spinal fusion long-term results are similar with or without pedicle screw instrumentation

Eur Spine J. 2008 Feb;17(2):272-80

Unilateral vs. bilateral pedicle screw fixation for short-segment lumbar spinal fusion

Int Orthop. 2016 Feb;40(2):355-64

Interlaminar stabilization vs posterolateral spinal fusion for low-grade spondylolisthesis

J Neurosurg Spine. 2013 Aug;19(2):174-84

ISASS 2016: Adjacent level ROM and disc height after fusion vs interlaminar stabilization

Spondylolisthesis: posterior lumbar interbody fusion VS posterolateral lumbar fusion

J Neurosurg Spine. 2011 Apr;14(4):488-96. doi: 10.3171/2010.11.SPINE10281. Epub 2011 Feb 11

OP-1 use has equivalent outcomes as bone autograft in spinal fusion applications

Spine J. 2008 May-Jun;8(3):457-65. Epub 2007 May 25.

Similar clinical results with decompression vs. decompression plus fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis

Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Nov;98(46):e17849.

E. coli-derived rhBMP-2 offers similar fusion success to AIBG in posterolateral lumbar fusion

Spine J. 2017 Dec;17(12):1866-1874

Fusion not necessary in addition to fixation of thoracolumbar burst fractures

J Neurosurg Spine. 2017 Nov;27(5):584-592

Cognitive-behavioural therapy provides significant benefits following lumbar fusion

Eur Spine J. 2014 Jan;23(1):87-95. doi: 10.1007/s00586-013-2889-z. Epub 2013 Jul 9

Lumbar spinal fusion rehab: biopsychosocial considerations lower patient demands

Eur Spine J. 2006 May;15(5):648-56. Epub 2005 Jun 4

ISASS: Use of ACADIA device for lumbar spinal stenosis improves pain and function

Instrumented posterior interbody fusion and posterolateral fusion for low-back pain

J Neurosurg Spine. 2011 Sep;15(3):295-310. doi: 10.3171/2011.4.SPINE10330. Epub 2011 May 27