Comparable spinal fusion rates between three different electrical stimulation techniques

Spine J. 2013 Oct;13(10):1238-43

Variable results of electrical stimulation following spinal fusion

Evid Based Spine Care J. 2014 Oct;5(2):87-94

Efficacy of electromagnetic stimulation in long bone fracture healing remains inconclusive

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Nov;90(11):2322-30

Electromagnetic stimulation use in fracture healing

Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:1141-4

Effect of electrical stimulation on fusion rate in spinal fusion surgery

Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Oct;23(7):496-504.

Use of electrical stimulation intervention for bone and soft-tissue conditions

Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Feb;23(2):132-43

Pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation for cervical fusion

Spine J. 2008 May-Jun;8(3):436-42. Epub 2007 Jul 17.

Knee OA: Pattern stimulation reduces pain and stiffness and improves function

Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Aug;16(8):865-72. Epub 2008 Feb 8

OTA 2016: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation vs. TENS in post-pelvic fracture rehab

No effect of transcranial direct current stimulation seen on non-specific chronic LBP

BMJ. 2015 Apr 16;350:h1640

Is neuromuscular electrical stimulation effective in women with osteoarthritis?

Phys Ther. 2010 Oct;90(10):1441-52. Epub 2010 Jul 29.

COA-ACO2018: Assessing effect of bone marrow stimulation on re-tear rate after rotator cuff repair

Electrical stimulation yields high union rates for tibial shaft fractures

Injury. 2003 May;34(5):357-62.

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy for rotator cuff tendinopathy

Physiotherapy. 2016 Mar;102(1):41-9.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, laser therapy, and their combined use for knee OA

Clin Rehabil. 2015 Jun;29(6):570-80.

DC electrical stimulation does not improve fusion mass bone quality

Euro Spine Journal; 2010; 19; 2200-2208

Electrical stimulation with exercise programme effective in the management of knee OA

Clin Rehabil. 2013 Mar;27(3):246-57. doi: 10.1177/0269215512456388. Epub 2012 Sep 5

AAOS2018: Electrical stimulation does not appear to significantly increase spinal fusion success

Pulsed electrical stimulation provides no benefit for management of knee osteoarthritis

Arthritis Rheum. 2011 May;63(5):1333-42. doi: 10.1002/art.30258

Electrical stimulation for bone healing reduced pain and risk of nonunion vs. sham control

Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 19;6:31724. doi: 10.1038/srep31724.