Topical glycetyl trinitrate provides no clinical improvements for Achilles tendinopathy

Am J Sports Med. 2008 Jun;36(6):1160-3. Epub 2008 Mar 21

Assessing the efficacy of topical diclofenac in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pain

J Rheumatol. 2006 Mar;33(3):567-73

Topical NSAIDs demonstrate significant reduction in pain versus placebo for treatment of knee OA

J Rheumatol. 2006 Sep;33(9):1841-4

Topical TXA found safe and effective for reduction of blood loss and transfusion in TKA

Orthopedics. 2015 May 1;38(5):315-24.

Topical NSAIDs equally effective as oral NSAIDs for knee pain, with fewer adverse effects

BMJ. 2008 Jan 19;336(7636):138-42. Epub 2007 Dec 4.

Topical flaxseed oil versus placebo for treatment of knee osteoarthritis

Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May;31:302-307

IV & topical TXA similarly safe & effective for reducing blood loss and transfusion in TKA

J Orthop. 2016 Mar 26;13(3):127-31

AAOS: Topical tranexamic acid effacacious method for blood loss management in TKA

AAOS2017: Blood loss and transfusion rate similar with intravenous and topical TXA in THA

Massage plus topical analgesic more effective than massage alone for hand arthritis pain

J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014 Jul;18(3):322-5

Topical and intravenous tranexamic acid equally effective in total knee arthroplasty

Knee. 2014 Dec;21(6):987-993

Topical TXA reduces blood loss compared to IV TXA in bilateral total knee arthroplasty

J Arthroplasty. 2016 Jul;31(7):1442-8

COA: Topical anesthetic does not reduce intraosseous pin removal pain in children

Efficacy of topical diclofenac preparation in managing symptomatic knee osteoarthritis

CMAJ. 2004 Aug 17;171(4):333-8

ISAKOS2017: Comparison of safety and efficacy between topical and IV tranexamic acid in TKA

TKA: Topical Fibrin Spray and Tranexamic acid reduce blood loss

J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007 Mar;89(3):306-9

TKR: Topical application of tranexamic acid reduces postoperative blood loss

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 Nov 3;92(15):2503-13.

AAOS 2015: No difference between topical and intravenous tranexamic acid for TKA

Tranexamic Acid reduces blood loss and required transfusions in TKA patients

Knee. 2013 Oct;20(5):300-9

ISAKOS2017: Assessment of topical TXA efficacy in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty