Comparable spinal fusion rates between three different electrical stimulation techniques

Spine J. 2013 Oct;13(10):1238-43

Variable results of electrical stimulation following spinal fusion

Evid Based Spine Care J. 2014 Oct;5(2):87-94

Effect of electrical stimulation on fusion rate in spinal fusion surgery

Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Oct;23(7):496-504.

Use of electrical stimulation intervention for bone and soft-tissue conditions

Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Feb;23(2):132-43

OTA 2016: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation vs. TENS in post-pelvic fracture rehab

Electrical stimulation yields high union rates for tibial shaft fractures

Injury. 2003 May;34(5):357-62.

Is neuromuscular electrical stimulation effective in women with osteoarthritis?

Phys Ther. 2010 Oct;90(10):1441-52. Epub 2010 Jul 29.

Electrical stimulation for bone healing reduced pain and risk of nonunion vs. sham control

Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 19;6:31724. doi: 10.1038/srep31724.

Pulsed electrical stimulation provides no benefit for management of knee osteoarthritis

Arthritis Rheum. 2011 May;63(5):1333-42. doi: 10.1002/art.30258

Electrical stimulation with exercise programme effective in the management of knee OA

Clin Rehabil. 2013 Mar;27(3):246-57. doi: 10.1177/0269215512456388. Epub 2012 Sep 5

AAOS 2016: Electrical stimulation effective for pain & nonunion vs. sham

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation, laser therapy, and their combined use for knee OA

Clin Rehabil. 2015 Jun;29(6):570-80.

AAOS2018: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation does not affect atrophy after Achilles repair

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation therapy for rotator cuff tendinopathy

Physiotherapy. 2016 Mar;102(1):41-9.

Efficacy of electromagnetic stimulation in long bone fracture healing remains inconclusive

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Nov;90(11):2322-30

AAOS2018: Electrical stimulation does not appear to significantly increase spinal fusion success

Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on osteoarthritis of the knee

J Knee Surg. 2015 Aug;28(4):321-8

Quadriceps electrical stimulation attenuates the loss of muscle strength following TKA

Phys Ther. 2012 Feb;92(2):210-26. Epub 2011 Nov 17

COA 2016: Efficacy of electrical stimulation on bone fracture healing, pain, and function

DC electrical stimulation does not improve fusion mass bone quality

Euro Spine Journal; 2010; 19; 2200-2208