Study Summary

Thirteen studies including 881 patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders were included in this systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis comparing virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), or exergaming versus conventional physiotherapy or usual care. Pooled outcomes of interest included pain, physical function, balance, quality of life, and psychological outcomes (such as kinesiophobia). Exploratory meta-analysis of eight RCTs demonstrated significant pain reduction favouring VR/AR interventions. Narrative synthesis showed improvements in physical function, mobility, and quality of life, with immersive VR showing greater psychological benefits and exergaming demonstrating consistent physical performance improvements. Overall, VR, AR, and exergaming appear effective additions to conventional rehabilitation, though long-term comparative effectiveness remains unclear.