Functional electrical stimulation cycling has no clear effect on urine output, lower limb swelling, and spasticity in people with spinal cord injury: a randomised cross-over trial

14 patients who had sustained a spinal cord injury within the previous 6 months underwent both an experimental and control phase using a randomized, cross-over design, and a 1-week washout period. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a 2-week functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling program resulted in improved urine output, leg swelling and spasticity in this patient population. Results indicated that FES cycling increased urine output, as well as decreased lower limb swelling and spasticity, however these improvements were not statistically significant. Furthermore, there was a positive impression of change among all patients except two.