Seventeen randomized controlled trials including 1,078 patients with chronic low back pain were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis comparing pain neuroscience education (PNE), PNE plus physiotherapy, and PNE plus exercise to usual care, physiotherapy alone, or exercise alone. Pooled outcomes of interest included short-term pain intensity, disability, kinesiophobia, and pain catastrophizing. The findings indicated significant improvements in pain, disability, and psychological outcomes such as kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing when PNE was combined with other therapies. Adding PNE to treatments enhances its effectiveness for reducing pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain and provides insights into optimal intervention doses.