Stem Cells in Orthopaedics .

Stem cell therapy continues to draw interest in orthopaedics, but current evidence remains early and inconsistent. Across conditions such as knee osteoarthritis, osteonecrosis, tibial nonunion, meniscal repair, and tendon pathology, randomized studies remain few and generally at high risk of bias. Some trials suggest short-term gains in pain, function, cartilage quality, or healing rates, while others show no meaningful advantage over standard care. Variation in cell types, delivery methods, doses, and adjunct procedures further limits interpretation. Overall, stem cell–based treatments show potential signals of benefit, but the evidence base remains too limited and uncertain to guide routine clinical use, emphasizing the need for more rigorous trials.