Mesenchymal Stem Cells: False Promises and Future Potential .

Stem cell research continues to captivate both the scientific community and the public with its promise of regenerative medicine. This report provides a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies in orthopaedics. It explores the biological complexity of stem cell behavior, the clinical applications of MSCs in treating musculoskeletal conditions, and the role of tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting in advancing regenerative strategies. It also examines the risks of bias, inconsistent protocols, and unregulated clinics, highlighting the need for rigorous, evidence-based approaches to ensure safe, effective therapies.