As global vaccination efforts continue, it’s become clear that an effective vaccine alone won’t determine our path out of the pandemic. Low coverage remains a major obstacle, driven not only by supply shortages but by vaccine nationalism and persistent hesitancy. These factors slow progress and leave room for new variants to emerge. At the same time, uncertainties around vaccine effects—especially on transmission—mean that non-pharmaceutical interventions like masking and distancing still matter during rollout. Modeling research consistently shows that relaxing precautions too early can undermine vaccination gains. Guidance from public health agencies echoes this, urging continued caution in public and when interacting with unvaccinated individuals. Ultimately, avoiding vaccination failure depends on global cooperation, public trust, and a disciplined balance between immunization and ongoing protective measures.