Antimicrobial Resistance: Implications for Orthopaedic Surgery .

Antibiotic resistance is a mounting global health threat, with implications reaching deeply into orthopaedic practice. This article examines the mechanisms fueling resistance—particularly horizontal gene transfer—and the risks posed by overuse and misuse of antibiotics, including in prophylactic applications like bone cement. It discusses the role of antibiotic stewardship, sanitation, and the urgent need for novel antibiotics. Despite progress in preclinical discovery, financial and structural barriers have hindered innovation. Without systemic change, orthopaedics may soon face an era where standard infections become difficult or impossible to treat.