Smart technology in surgery encompasses a suite of digital and hardware innovations aimed at improving diagnostic accuracy, operative precision, and patient outcomes. Key components include artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, augmented reality (AR), 3D printing, sensor-enabled instruments, telemedicine, and digital twins. AI analyzes large datasets to support diagnosis, guide preoperative planning, and provide real-time intraoperative decision support, while robotic systems enhance dexterity and enable precise, minimally invasive procedures. AR overlays imaging and anatomical information into the operative field to improve visualization and navigation. Additive manufacturing produces patient-specific models, guides, and implants that facilitate personalized care. Smart instruments equipped with sensors deliver real-time tissue or biomechanical feedback to help prevent injury. Telemedicine expands access to specialist expertise, and digital twins allow surgeons to simulate procedures and anticipate complications. Together, these technologies are transforming surgical practice by enhancing precision, personalization, and overall quality of care.

Adapted from work by Sam Brusco.