Analysis of arm elevation muscle activity through different movement planes and speeds during in-water and dry-land exercise

This report has been verified by one or more authors of the original publication.

16 right-handed participants were randomized to perform 3 elevation movements (flexion, abduction, and scaption) ranging from 0 to 90 degrees at 3 movement speeds (30deg/sec, 45deg/sec, and 90 deg/sec) in water and on land. The purpose of this study was to examine shoulder muscle activation and determine whether there is a difference between dry-land and in-water exercises. Results indicated that overall muscle activation was lower in water at 30 degrees/second, similar in both at 45 degrees/second, and lower on land at 90 degrees/second. Authors have recommended a rehabilitation regimen that involves exercise in an order of progressive muscle activation.