Pre-emptive oral analgesia ahead of lumbar fusion reduces early pain and PCA consumption .
A prospective randomized study to analyze the efficacy of balanced pre-emptive analgesia in spine surgery
Spine J. 2019 Apr;19(4):569-577. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2018.10.010100 patients scheduled for one- or two-level lumbar fusion were randomized to receive or not receive pre-emptive analgesia with oral paracetamol, ketorolac, and pregabalin. Assessed outcomes included pain at rest and during movement, patient-controlled analgesia consumption, the Oswestry Disability Index, and the incidence of complications. Primary results demonstrated significantly lower resting pain scores from 4-12 hours and at 36 hours, lower movement pain scores at 24 and 48 hours, and lower PCA consumption over the first 48 hours in the pre-emptive analgesia group.
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