Thirty-eight patients with primary frozen shoulder were randomized to graded motor imagery (GMI) plus multimodal physiotherapy (n=19) or multimodal physiotherapy alone (n=19). The primary outcome was SPADI; secondary outcomes were shoulder ROM, Numeric Pain Rating Scale (activity), Q-DASH, and SF-12; assessments occurred at baseline, 6 weeks (end of supervised treatment), and 8 weeks (post-treatme...