Topical NSAIDs equally effective as oral NSAIDs for knee pain, with fewer adverse effects

BMJ. 2008 Jan 19;336(7636):138-42. Epub 2007 Dec 4.

Topical NSAIDs demonstrate significant reduction in pain versus placebo for treatment of knee OA

J Rheumatol. 2006 Sep;33(9):1841-4

Assessing the efficacy of topical diclofenac in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pain

J Rheumatol. 2006 Mar;33(3):567-73

Topical vs. Oral NSAIDs for Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 01-Sep;():. 10.1097/MD.0000000000030354

Efficacy of topical diclofenac preparation in managing symptomatic knee osteoarthritis

CMAJ. 2004 Aug 17;171(4):333-8

Assessing the efficacy of topical ketoprofen versus active- and placebo-comparators for knee OA

Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013 Jul;52(7):1303-12

Hand OA: Paraffin bath with topical analgesic reduces pain and improves function

Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33(6):467-74

Topical drug-free therapy more effective than oral NSAID ketoprofen for muscle soreness

J Sports Sci. 2016 Jan;34(1):88-95.

NSAIDs Provide Greater Benefit for Acute Pain from Non-Low Back Musculoskeletal Injuries

Ann Intern Med. 2020 Aug 18.

Topical TXA found safe and effective for reduction of blood loss and transfusion in TKA

Orthopedics. 2015 May 1;38(5):315-24.

Topical flaxseed oil versus placebo for treatment of knee osteoarthritis

Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May;31:302-307

AAOS: Topical tranexamic acid effacacious method for blood loss management in TKA

OTA 2022: PAIN Trial - Effect of NSAIDs and Pregabalin on Non-Union in Trauma Patients

AAOS2017: Blood loss and transfusion rate similar with intravenous and topical TXA in THA

Massage plus topical analgesic more effective than massage alone for hand arthritis pain

J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014 Jul;18(3):322-5

COA: Topical anesthetic does not reduce intraosseous pin removal pain in children

IV & topical TXA similarly safe & effective for reducing blood loss and transfusion in TKA

J Orthop. 2016 Mar 26;13(3):127-31

Topical and intravenous tranexamic acid equally effective in total knee arthroplasty

Knee. 2014 Dec;21(6):987-993

Topical TXA reduces blood loss compared to IV TXA in bilateral total knee arthroplasty

J Arthroplasty. 2016 Jul;31(7):1442-8

ISAKOS2017: Comparison of safety and efficacy between topical and IV tranexamic acid in TKA