AAOS2017: Blood loss and transfusion rate similar with intravenous and topical TXA in THA

Assessing the efficacy of topical diclofenac in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis pain

J Rheumatol. 2006 Mar;33(3):567-73

Local infiltration analgesia controls early pain post-hip arthroplasty

J Pain. 2014 Aug;15(8):781-799

Topical NSAIDs demonstrate significant reduction in pain versus placebo for treatment of knee OA

J Rheumatol. 2006 Sep;33(9):1841-4

Topical TXA found safe and effective for reduction of blood loss and transfusion in TKA

Orthopedics. 2015 May 1;38(5):315-24.

Infiltration of bupivacaine at surgical portals for knee arthroscopy

J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2009 May;91(5):601-3

Topical NSAIDs equally effective as oral NSAIDs for knee pain, with fewer adverse effects

BMJ. 2008 Jan 19;336(7636):138-42. Epub 2007 Dec 4.

AAOS: Topical tranexamic acid effacacious method for blood loss management in TKA

Topical flaxseed oil versus placebo for treatment of knee osteoarthritis

Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2018 May;31:302-307

Local infiltration analgesia vs. femoral nerve block for TKA pain management

Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2015 Sep;70(9):648-53.

Efficacy of topical diclofenac preparation in managing symptomatic knee osteoarthritis

CMAJ. 2004 Aug 17;171(4):333-8

COA: Topical anesthetic does not reduce intraosseous pin removal pain in children

AAOS2017: Periarticular infiltration versus femoral nerve block for analgesia after TKA

Massage plus topical analgesic more effective than massage alone for hand arthritis pain

J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014 Jul;18(3):322-5

IV & topical TXA similarly safe & effective for reducing blood loss and transfusion in TKA

J Orthop. 2016 Mar 26;13(3):127-31

Topical and intravenous tranexamic acid equally effective in total knee arthroplasty

Knee. 2014 Dec;21(6):987-993

Local infiltration analgesia demonstrates better pain relief than regional blockade in TKA

Pain Physician. 2016 May;19(4):205-14

Topical TXA reduces blood loss compared to IV TXA in bilateral total knee arthroplasty

J Arthroplasty. 2016 Jul;31(7):1442-8

ISAKOS2017: Comparison of safety and efficacy between topical and IV tranexamic acid in TKA

AAOS2018: Additional liposomal bupivacaine infiltration to ISBPB of no benefit in TSA