Effect of platelet concentrate on union of long-bone delayed union versus no treatment control

Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2018 Jul;28(5):985-990. doi: 10.1007/s00590-017-2077-7

Early PEMF therapy improves union success rates for delayed unions of long-bone fractures

BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013 Jan 19;14:35. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-35.

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound improves bone healing in delayed unions of the tibia

BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010 Oct 8;11:229. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-229.

AAOS 2016: Electrical stimulation effective for pain & nonunion vs. sham

Stem Cell-based Therapy for Prevention of Delayed Fracture Union in Distal Tibia Fractures

Mol Ther. 2013 Aug;21(8):1631-8

Electrical stimulation for bone healing reduced pain and risk of nonunion vs. sham control

Sci Rep. 2016 Aug 19;6:31724. doi: 10.1038/srep31724.

Electrical stimulation yields high union rates for tibial shaft fractures

Injury. 2003 May;34(5):357-62.

Faster union and functional recovery with early mobilization of ulnar fractures

Bone Joint J. 2013 Jul;95-B(7):952-9. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.95B7.31669

Intramedullary nailing versus locked plating for distal tibial fractures

Int J Surg. 2018 May;53:5-11

Bone morphogenetic proteins may benefit rates of union for open tibial fractures

PLoS One. 2015 Oct 28;10(10):e0141670.

COA 2013: Meta-analysis plating versus intramedullary nailing for distal tibial fracture

OrthoEvidence Review: Operative vs nonoperative treatment for displaced clavicle fractures

COA 2016: Efficacy of electrical stimulation on bone fracture healing, pain, and function

No significant impact of early versus late-weight bearing following high tibial osteotomy

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017 Dec;25(12):3670-3678

Efficacy of electromagnetic stimulation in long bone fracture healing remains inconclusive

J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Nov;90(11):2322-30

Early bisphosphonate use after surgery does not appear to delay fracture healing

Osteoporos Int. 2015 Feb;26(2):431-41.

AAOS 2016: Similar rates of nonunion with acetaminophen/NSAIDs in humeral shaft fractures

AOSSM: Early ACL reconstruction more cost-effective than delayed reconstruction

AAOS: Weightbearing-as-tolerated safe in rehabilitation following tibial shaft fractures

OTA 2022: PAIN Trial - Effect of NSAIDs and Pregabalin on Non-Union in Trauma Patients